Elasticsearch allows the data, that is stored in a document, to be not only of elementary types, but also of a range of types, see the documentation. With a short example I will explain this range type and how to use it in Spring Data Elasticsearch (the current version being 4.0.3).

For this example we want be able to answer the question: “Who was president of the United States of America in the year X?”. We will store in Elasticsearch a document describing a president with the name and his term, defined be a range of years, defined by a from and to value. We will then query the index for documents where this term range contains a given value

The first thing we need to define is our entity. I named it President:

@Document(indexName = "presidents")
public class President {
    @Id
    private String id;

    @Field(type = FieldType.Text)
    private String name;

    @Field(type = FieldType.Integer_Range)
    private Term term;

    static President of(String name, Integer from, Integer to) {
        return new President(name, new Term(from, to));
    }

    public President() {
    }

    public President(String name, Term term) {
        this(UUID.randomUUID().toString(), name, term);
    }

    public President(String id, String name, Term term) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.term = term;
    }

    // getter/setter

    static class Term {
        @Field(name = "gte")
        private Integer from;
        @Field(name = "lte")
        private Integer to;

        public Term() {
        }

        public Term(Integer from, Integer to) {
            this.from = from;
            this.to = to;
        }

        // getter/setter
    }
}

There are the standard annotations for a Spring Data Elasticsearch entity like @Document and @Id, but in addition there is the property term that is annotated with @Field(type = FieldType.Integer_Range) (line 9). This marks it as an integer range property. The Term class is defined as inner class at line 31 (not to be confused with the Elasticsearch Term), it defines the term of a president with the two value from and to. Elasticsearch needs for a range the fields to be named gte and lte, this we achieve by defining these names with the @Field annotations in lines 32 and 34.

The rest is just a basic repository:

public interface PresidentRepository extends ElasticsearchRepository<President, String> {
    SearchHits<President> searchByTerm(Integer year);
}

Here we use a single Integer as value because Elasticsearch does the magic by finding the corresponding entries where the searched value is in the range of the stored documents.

And of yourse we have some Controller using it. This Controller has one endpoint that loads the presidents since World War II into Elasticsearch, and a second one returns the desired results:

@RequestMapping("presidents")
public class PresidentController {

    private final PresidentRepository repository;

    public PresidentController(PresidentRepository repository) {
        this.repository = repository;
    }

    @GetMapping("/load")
    public void load() {
        repository.saveAll(Arrays.asList(
                President.of("Dwight D Eisenhower", 1953, 1961),
                President.of("Lyndon B Johnson", 1963, 1969),
                President.of("Richard Nixon", 1969, 1974),
                President.of("Gerald Ford", 1974, 1977),
                President.of("Jimmy Carter", 1977, 1981),
                President.of("Ronald Reagen", 1981, 1989),
                President.of("George Bush", 1989, 1993),
                President.of("Bill Clinton", 1993, 2001),
                President.of("George W Bush", 2001, 2009),
                President.of("Barack Obama", 2009, 2017),
                President.of("Donald Trump", 2017, 2021)));
    }

    @GetMapping("/term/{year}")
    public SearchHits<President> searchByTerm(@PathVariable Integer year) {
        return repository.searchByTerm(year);
    }
}

See it in action (I am using HTTPie), my application is listening on port 9090:

$ http -b :9090/presidents/term/2009
{
    "aggregations": null,
    "empty": false,
    "maxScore": 1.0,
    "scrollId": null,
    "searchHits": [
        {
            "content": {
                "id": "c3a3a0d0-d835-4a02-a2e8-20cc1c0e9285",
                "name": "George W Bush",
                "term": {
                    "from": 2001,
                    "to": 2009
                }
            },
            "highlightFields": {},
            "id": "c3a3a0d0-d835-4a02-a2e8-20cc1c0e9285",
            "score": 1.0,
            "sortValues": []
        },
        {
            "content": {
                "id": "36416746-ff11-4243-a4f3-a6bb0cff9a93",
                "name": "Barack Obama",
                "term": {
                    "from": 2009,
                    "to": 2017
                }
            },
            "highlightFields": {},
            "id": "36416746-ff11-4243-a4f3-a6bb0cff9a93",
            "score": 1.0,
            "sortValues": []
        }
    ],
    "totalHits": 2,
    "totalHitsRelation": "EQUAL_TO"
}

$http -b :9090/presidents/term/2000
{
    "aggregations": null,
    "empty": false,
    "maxScore": 1.0,
    "scrollId": null,
    "searchHits": [
        {
            "content": {
                "id": "984fdf87-a7d8-4dc2-b2e8-5dd948065147",
                "name": "Bill Clinton",
                "term": {
                    "from": 1993,
                    "to": 2001
                }
            },
            "highlightFields": {},
            "id": "984fdf87-a7d8-4dc2-b2e8-5dd948065147",
            "score": 1.0,
            "sortValues": []
        }
    ],
    "totalHits": 1,
    "totalHitsRelation": "EQUAL_TO"
}

So just with putting the right types and names into our @Field annotations we are able to use the range types of Elasticsearch in our Spring Data Elasticsearch application.